Wilson Bardsley’s A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames, has "Caddell" as an undated variant of "Caldwell": "de Caldewella," 1195, "de Caldewell," 1379, "Cauldwell," 1381, et seq. The Domesday Book of 1086 constitutes the first census of England. [Domesday Book, English & Latin, text and translation edited by John Morris. Chichester: Phillimore, 1975-1986, vol. 27.] Written in Latin, it describes a hamlet of Caldewelle (today spelled in English, Caldwell) in the southwest region of Derbyshire, within the Repton and Gresly Hundred (an Anglo-Saxon administrative unit that, along with the "shire," survived the Norman Conquest). The Domesday book states: "In Caldewelle, Aelferic had 2 c. [caraucates] of and taxable. Land for 2 ploughs. Now in Lordship 1 plough; 6 villagers with 1 plough. Value before 1066 and now, 20 s. King William gave this manor to the monks for his well being." A caraucate is about 120 acres, and was based on the amount of land a team of 8 oxen could plough in a season. As of 1086 this hamlet included six heads of households. The Domesday Book indicates that King William had taken the land that at one time had belonged to Aelfric and given it to Benedictine monks [Burton Abbey]. While this survey provides the earliest preserved historical description, there was an earlier reference in 942 A.D to this place under the name of Caldewaellen. See, Kenneth Cameron, The Place Names of Derbyshire, Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press, 1959, p. 625. Aelfric (c. 955-1010) was considered the most famed of Anglo-Saxon prose writers. The earliest known occupant of this hamlet designated by full name is found in The Pipe Rolls of 1195 (Dec. Comm. 3 vols. 1833-44), listed as Adam de Caldewelle. Burton Abbey was founded as a Benedictine monastery by Wulfuric Spot during the reign of King Æthelred the Unready (978-1016 A.D.). See discussion, Rev. Stebbing Shaw's History and Antiquities of Staffordshire (1798 & 1801), held at John Rylands University Library at Manchester, UK. During the Middle Ages, the monks of Burton Abbey realized that the water from the local wells and springs of the counties of Derbyshire and Staffordshire was perfect for making ale. The water was filtered through gypsum in the ground surrounding the valley in which Burton Abbey is situated. This gypsum was rich in calcium and magnesium salts. To this day the region remains one of Great Britain's major brewery sites. In 1541 Henry VIII, having disavowed obedience to the pope, closed the Abbey and transferred the holdings to the Anglican Church's Bishop of Chester. The Derbyshire hamlet of Caldwell had an Anglo-Saxon church erected in the eighth century, one of many in England and Scotland named after St. Giles ("Aegidus" in Latin records), the patron saint of beggars, cripples, and lepers, viewed by many of the gentry as market square flotsam. The history of the hamlet of Caldwell in Derbyshire likely is linked to that of the town of Repton 4 miles away. Repton lies alongside the River Trent midway between Derby and Burton. Repton was the capital of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Mercia, founded in 585 A.D., and site of a monastery since at least the late 7th century (about 660 A.D.). The Vikings (Danes) raided the coasts of Britain between 787-795 A.D., and with a great army invaded the region and built a fort in the late 860s. Caldwell hamlet is also close to Derby. In 874 A.D, the Danes occupied the town of Northworthy and renamed it Deoraby (Derby). In 878 A.D, the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes agreed at the Treat of Wedmore to divide England into two halves. The Danish territory was known as Danelaw, and included the Caldwell hamlet. In 917 A.D. the Anglo-Saxons retook the region under the leadership of Princess Aethelflaed. Between 938 and 941 A.D., Mercia was occupied by the combined Viking and Celtic forces, but regained in 942 A.D. by the Anglo-Saxon King Edmund of Wessex. When Eric Bloodaxe, ruler of York, died in 954, the Danelaw returned to the Anglo-Saxons. In 1013 A.D., King Swein of Denmark invaded and within a year was king of most of England including Derbyshire. Danish rule came to an end in 1042 A.D with the succession of the Anglo-Saxon King, Edward the Confessor. Derbyshire lies due west of Denmark, from which the Angles originated, and the lowlands of Germany where the Rivers Elbe and Weisser flow, the ancestral home of the Saxons. In a book by David Peter Davies, History of Derbyshire, Makeney, April 10, 1811, the author mentions a Caldewelle hamlet, Parish of Stapenhill, in the Deanery of Repington, then in Staffordshire, but now in Derbyshire. The Domesday Book also lists a hamlet of Caldeuuella [lost today] in Birdforth Wapentake, [North Riding, Yorkshire], and another in Gilling West Wapentake located in the Parish of Stanwick Saint John, [North Riding, Yorkshire], still in existence, then spelled Caldewelle, consisting of one manor with 6 ploughs and about 720 acres owned by Thoir at the time of the Conquest of 1066, and transferred by King William to Norman French Count Alan Fergant (Alan the Red), who built a castle on a bluff overlooking the River Swale in 1071 at the location he called Riche-Monte, Old French for strong hill, now known as Richmond. The Yorkshire Poll Tax Returns of 1379 (Yorks. Arch. Journal 5-7, 9, 20) refer to a Richard de Coldewelle. The Returns for 1381 (Trans. East Riding Antiq. Soc. 30) refer to Richard Cauldwell. When the River Trent reaches the sea, it lies a short distance from York. The Caldwells of Derbyshire may have traveled by boat to the Caldwells of Yorkshire. The Domesay Book mentions several other Caldwell settlements in England as of 1086.