In
1664, England seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in America changing
its name to New York. The Plague hit London in 1665, only to be
followed by London's Great Fire of 1666.
In
1667 the Dutch fleet would defeat the English on the Medway river,
and in 1668 England would enter into an alliance with the Netherlands
and Sweden against France. In 1670 the Secret Treaty of Dover
was made between Charles II and Louis XIV of France to restore
Roman Catholicism to England.
By
this time, the Caldwell line of William of Straiton through John
Caldwell who married Mary Sweetenham had been in Ireland for over
forty years.
John
Caldwell who married Mary Holmes would have been eleven years,
and his brother, Sir James, only seven at the outbreak of the
Irish Rebellion in 1641. This was the world of our Ulster-Scot
Caldwell ancestors and a glimpse of the faced economic and political
hardships and religious intolerance that they lived with daily.
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Sources:
Desmond's
Concise History of Ireland - Jerry Desmond
Encyclopedia Britanica
Britannia
The Plantation of Ireland - Brian Orr
The Scotch-Irish: The Scot in North Britain, North Ireland,
and North America - Charles Hanna
Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches -
Thomas Carlyle
Doyle Clan
Catholic Encyclopedia
Red Hand, the Ulster Colony - Constantine Fitzgibbon
Hoganstand.com
Irish Republican Socialist Movement